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Author: WandererIndians in South America’s pioneers. The middle of the Andes highlands of South America the birthplace of ancient civilization. Before and after the early 10th century, the Indians living in the tribal belt ─ ─ Incas, Cuzco in southern Peru was established as the center of the Inca empire. To the 15th century heyday, the territory north of the north of Ecuador, south of Talca, Chile, a population of about 900 to 12 million. Was already well-developed agriculture, cultivation of maize, beans, potatoes, cassava, quinoa and other crops, domesticated llama and alpaca, in irrigation projects, traffic post roads, construction, handicrafts and so on has reached a high level. Brilliant Inca culture is an important human material and spiritual components. Colombia, southern Chile, and Paraguay is the Inca empire, the area outside the population is concentrated.

South America
16th century, Portugal, Spanish colonists began to invade. Portuguese occupation of Brazil, Spain ruled South America except Brazil, the vast region beyond. The late 16th century, Britain, France and the Dutch colonists after a fierce battle, split the Guyana region and the offshore islands. Since then, all continents into the long period of 300 years of colonial rule. Spain has established a Peru in South America (including Peru and Chile), New Granada (Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela) and La Plata (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay) 3 viceroyalty, Portuguese in Brazil the establishment of the Governor zone. Implementation of various colonial slavery by violence, forced the Indians in the plantation or mine for unpaid labor, plundered the wealth of South America’s land and gold and silver. Indian homes were damaged, destroyed the ancient civilization, the population plummeted. To supplement the shortage of labor, trafficking into the large number of colonists and from African slaves. Sovereign state to implement the policy of mercantilism, the colonial peoples forced to produce a special, two kinds of profiteering in the international market of commodities, the formation of a single product system, leading to abnormal development of social economy. Spain, Portugal and other countries of the social system, customs, religious beliefs and cultural traditions, with the massive influx of immigrants, spread to South America and parts of the West, has gradually replaced the Portuguese-speaking Indian language, as commonly used in the official language.

South American peoples for freedom and liberation, for a long heroic struggle. The latter half of the 18th century, sovereign country devoted their efforts to maintain the colonial system has increasingly become the biggest obstacle to social development, the principal contradiction in the development, promotion of the South American War of Independence, the people took to the road. 1810, the fire spread through the armed uprising in South America. After 10 years of bloody fighting, and finally overthrew the Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule. To 1826, have established 10 independent nations, only Guyana and a few other areas is still in English, French and Dutch colonial rule.

After independence, the landlord class to master the native white majority power of the country’s autocratic rule, maintain a large estate of land ownership and feudal exploitation, economic development is slow. Britain and the United States to take advantage of the country into their raw material suppliers, dumping the output of capital goods and the place. In particular the rise of 19th century America, with its economic strength and a favorable geographical position, squeeze out the forces of other countries, to become South America’s hegemony. People in all countries of the South American imperialism, colonialism, the long struggle to safeguard national sovereignty. After World War II, fighting the growing depth and breadth. South American countries take the lead in the struggle against the hegemony of the superpowers ocean, set off to recover the national resources as the main content of the nationalization wave, actively promoting regional economic integration towards the establishment of new international economic order, in developing the national economy has made great achievements .

1966 and 1975, the former British Guiana and Dutch Guiana have gained independence from colonial rule.
Now, the South American division is Guyana and the United Kingdom, Argentina, arguably the Malvinas Islands (Falkland Islands), the total of 12 independent countries. They are developing countries.